For example, if sound is traveling through the air, and that air is hot, then the sound waves will travel far more quickly because the atoms within the air have a natural disposition to decrease the amount of energy within them, which is solved by vibrating more quickly. But even if there were atoms, they can behave differently according to external factors, which causes the sound waves to also change behavior. Therefore, if there are no atoms, sound cannot be transmitted from one place to another. Sound, for example, is a mechanical waveform, meaning that it is created at the atomic level through the vibration of atoms. The medium with which a waveform reacts will impact its velocity. Where f’ is equivalent to the perceived frequency, f is the frequency from the source, v is the velocity of the waveform, v 0 is the velocity of the observer and v s is the velocity of the source. Our general equation, which includes these variables is as follows: f ‘ = f ( v ± v 0 v ± v s ) These include: (1) the frequency from the source, (2) the perceived frequency according to position, (3) the velocity of the observer, (4) the velocity of the source and (5) the velocity of the waveform. However, we can construct a general equation if we understand the main variables that must be involved in the Doppler effect. Each of these scenarios creates one equation, and, therefore, there can be a maximum of eight slightly different equations. Previously, we mentioned the most important – whether either the observer or the source is moving.
The Doppler effect is dependent on many factors. This motion causes stars to emit electromagnetic waves and, if those stars are moving away or toward us due to gravitational attraction or the universes’ expansion, those waveforms will appear to be changing in frequency with respect to the Earth.
This is because a star’s heat excites its atoms and, by extension, its electrons, forcing them to move. This effect is more of a general observation, but it can be useful when studying the distance between Earth and stars within our and distant galaxies. The Doppler effect can only take place when either the source or observer are moving or both are moving. Specifically, it is because of the increasing or decreasing distance that creates the perception that the waveforms are getting longer or shorter and, by extension, the frequency of that waveform is getting larger or smaller, respectively. The Doppler effect is the perception of a change in frequency of sound, light or other waveforms according to the positions of the source and the observer of that waveform.
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